Bioterrorism: What You Need to Know

Bioterrorism is the use of bacteria, viruses or germs to cause illness and spread fear. In bioterrorist attacks, only a small number of people may be injured, but many more become afraid and change their behavior because of their fear.

Anthrax is an illness caused by the spores of a bacterium called Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax most commonly occurs in hooved animals such as cattle and sheep. It is rare in humans and is usually seen only in people who have contact with infected animals or who work with animal products such as wool, hair or hides.

Anthrax takes 3 forms in humans, all of which are caused by the same bacteria. The form of anthrax depends on how the bacteria enter the body:

No. None of the forms of anthrax can be spread from one person to another. Anthrax can only be caused only by direct exposure to the bacterium spores. It is unlikely that the general public is in danger of anthrax exposure.

Anthrax can look like other illnesses. If you have the symptoms listed below, don't panic. Call your family doctor. If your family doctor thinks there is a possibility your symptoms are caused by anthrax, he or she will ask about your job and any travel. This information, plus an exam and possibly some lab tests or x-rays, will help your doctor decide whether it's anthrax.

Yes. The treatment and the likelihood of cure depend on the form of anthrax. Cutaneous anthrax is the least serious form, and people recover even without treatment. Gastrointestinal and inhalation anthrax are more serious and may cause death if not treated.

No. Anthrax has been in the news the most, but other agents with bioterrorism potential include botulism, plague and smallpox. Some other agents, such as tularemia, brucellosis, Q fever and viral hemorrhagic fevers, have also been studied for use as biological weapons. Of these, smallpox is thought to be the most likely after anthrax to be used in a terrorist action.

Smallpox is an illness caused by the variola virus. Symptoms include fever, aches, vomiting and a specific rash. Routine vaccination ("shots") for smallpox was stopped in 1972 in the United States because it was thought that the disease had been wiped out and the vaccine had some risks.

Yes. Smallpox can be spread from person to person, usually once a fever and rash have developed.

Probably not. The vaccine appears to be most effective for about 10 years.

There is no specific drug to treat smallpox. However, a vaccine given even a few days after exposure may prevent death. So it's important to get prompt medical attention if you think you've been exposed to smallpox. If you have concerns, call your family doctor.

Neither of these vaccines is commercially available at this time. Vaccines have been made so that supplies are available if they are needed.

Because there are some risks with the smallpox vaccine, the CDC is determining on an individual basis if the vaccine should be given. The anthrax vaccine is controlled by the U.S. Department of Defense and at this time is available only for military personnel at high risk of exposure in combat settings.

Just as with a natural disaster such as a tornado or hurricane, you should take reasonable steps to prepare. It is a good idea to have enough food, water, money and supplies (including any regular medications you may need) on hand for 3 or 4 days. You should also keep emergency contact information at home, work and school. Right now these are the only steps you need to take.

Do not take antibiotics unless your doctor tells you to. Antibiotics prevent very few illnesses and can have serious side effects. Inappropriate use can increase the risk of resistant forms of bacteria, which are more difficult to treat. Finally, antibiotics may interfere with medicines you are already taking.

You do not need to buy gas masks. They are intended only for short-term use at the time of a known release of an agent. They are impractical for use at all times and are effective only if properly fitted. Improper use can be dangerous and result in injury or suffocation, especially in people with heart or lung problems.

Since the attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, many people have had strong feelings of anxiety. Of course, some concern about your safety is normal. But if your fears keep you from participating in or enjoying your usual activities, significantly affect your sleep or interfere with your relationships, talk with your family doctor. He or she can help.