Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

What is autism spectrum disorder?

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental condition that affects how people communicate, interact with others, and process information. The word “spectrum” means that symptoms and their impact can vary widely. Some people may need significant daily support, while others live independently.

ASD usually begins in early childhood, although signs may not be recognized right away. It is a lifelong condition.

In the past, Asperger’s syndrome was considered a separate diagnosis for people with autism-like traits but average or above-average intelligence and no significant language delay. Since 2013, medical guidelines such as the DSM-5 have combined Asperger’s and related conditions under the single diagnosis of ASD. You may still hear the term Asperger’s used, especially by people who received that diagnosis earlier or identify with it personally, but health care professionals now use ASD as the official term.

Symptoms of ASD

The signs of ASD can be different for each person. Common features include:

• Challenges with social communication and interaction
• Repetitive movements or behaviors
• Strong or intense interests
• Differences in sensory processing, such as being very sensitive to sound, touch, or light
• Routines or patterns that are important and hard to change

In young children, early signs may include not making eye contact, not pointing to share interest, delayed speech, or not responding to their name. Some people also have strengths such as strong memory, attention to detail, or special talents in certain areas.

What causes ASD?

The exact cause of ASD is not known. Genetics and environment both play a role in how the brain develops. Parents and caregivers do not cause ASD.

How is ASD diagnosed?

ASD is diagnosed based on a person’s behavior, communication, and developmental history. Health care professionals may use:

• Observations and interviews with the person and their caregivers
• Developmental screening tools during well-child visits
• Standardized assessments for social communication, behavior, and adaptive skills

ASD can be diagnosed at almost any age, though signs often appear in early childhood. Early identification allows for earlier support and interventions.

Can ASD be prevented or avoided?

There is no known way to prevent ASD. However, early recognition and support services can make a positive difference in development and quality of life.

ASD treatment and support

While there is no cure for ASD, many therapies and supports can help people build skills, reduce challenges, and develop their strengths. Options may include:

• Therapies: speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, behavioral therapy such as applied behavior analysis (ABA), and social skills training
  Educational support: individualized education programs (IEPs), classroom accommodations, specialized teaching methods
• Family and community support: parent training, counseling, and support groups

Treatment is tailored to each person’s needs and goals.

Living with ASD

People with ASD can lead fulfilling lives and contribute in meaningful ways to their families, communities, and workplaces. Early support, access to therapies, and understanding from others are key factors. Many people with ASD also have unique strengths, talents, and perspectives that enrich their lives and the lives of those around them.