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What are neural tube defects? Neural tube defects (NTDs) are birth defects. They affect a baby’s spine, spinal cord, or brain. Very early in pregnancy, cells from the developing fetus gather togeth...

What is a non-substance addiction? Most people associate addiction with tobacco, drugs, and alcohol. A non-substance addiction includes things such as gambling, risky sex, pornography, food, the in...

What are nosebleeds? A nosebleed is blood loss from the tissue that lines your nose. It can affect both nostrils, but most often occurs in only one nostril. Usually, a nosebleed is not serious. The...

What is opioid addiction? An addiction is a strong craving to do something. In this case, it’s a strong craving to use opioids. Addiction is a disease that affects your brain and behavior. At first...

What is osteochondritis dissecans? Osteochondritis dissecans (OC) is a joint problem. It occurs when an area of bone under a piece of cartilage in the joint dies. This happens because of a loss of ...

What is lichen planus? Lichen planus is a type of rash that forms on your skin, on genitalia, or in your mouth. It is marked by purple bumps that are flat and uneven in size. The bumps may have whi...

What is long COVID? Long COVID, also called post-COVID-19 condition or post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), happens when symptoms continue for 4 weeks or more after the initial COVID...

What is Lyme disease? Lyme disease is a bacterial infection that is caused by a tick bite. It was first recognized in 1975 when large numbers of children around the town of Lyme, Connecticut, were ...

What is mad cow disease? Mad cow disease is the common name for a very rare and deadly brain disease. The scientific name is bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). It’s spread by eating beef produ...

What is mastitis? Mastitis is an inflammation of the breast. It is usually caused by an infection. It often happens while a woman is breastfeeding, especially during the first 6-12 weeks. Having ma...